草榴社区

Dr. Mehmet Sarp Yalim, a research scientist in the Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research (CSPAR) at 草榴社区 (UAH), a part of the University of Alabama System, has won a $608,000 National Science Foundation (NSF) grant to study a process known as Joule, or Cowling, heating. The project, detailed in a paper in , seeks to demonstrate that this special form of resistivity 鈥� akin to the everyday mechanism of passing a current through an electrical conductor, producing thermal energy in a resistor 鈥� can help solve the most long-standing mystery in heliophysics: why the solar atmosphere or corona of the sun is many times hotter than the surface of the sun or photosphere itself.

鈥淭he atmosphere of our sun consists of a hot gas that is ionized at different levels called plasma,鈥� Yalim notes. 鈥淭he plasma temperature from the photosphere to corona increases from 5,000 to 1 million degrees Kelvin over a distance of only 10,000 kilometers in the chromosphere. A number of different mechanisms have been introduced over many decades to explain this. Today, it is largely accepted that this heating is strongly related to the magnetic field structure of the sun.鈥�

The chromosphere is a thin layer of plasma between the sun鈥檚 visible surface, the photosphere, and the corona, the sun鈥檚 upper atmosphere, a region that extends approximately 2,000 km above the surface.

A light bridge, a lane of bright material that often divides the umbra, or central dark region, of a sunspot.

Courtesy NASA

鈥淚n this research, together with my project team, I have been investigating a known but not-much investigated mechanism called Joule heating,鈥� Yalim says. 鈥淭he idea is the same as the traditional Joule heating that we encounter in our daily lives governed by Ohm鈥檚 law: an electric current passing through a resistor under a voltage causes heating of the resistor. To be able to talk about this mechanism in terms of the sun, we need electric currents in a plasma environment, and we have strong electric currents in the chromosphere. Together with magnetic resistivity, which is also relatively strong in this layer, Joule heating becomes a significant heating mechanism.鈥�

Gas turns into plasma when heat or energy is added to it, causing the atoms that make up the gas to start to lose their electrons and become positively charged ions. The lost electrons begin to float freely, a process called ionization.

鈥淭emperatures in the chromosphere are not as elevated as in the outer layer of the solar atmosphere, the corona,鈥� Yalim explains. 鈥淭his leads to a unique environment where the plasma is not fully ionized, leading to the presence of ions, neutral particles and electrons simultaneously, which is called a weakly-ionized plasma. In such a setting, we have a direction-dependent dissipation mechanism for electric currents.鈥�

Studying a lesser-known resistance to shed new light

In physics, 鈥渄issipation鈥� refers to how dynamic mechanisms, such as waves or oscillations, lose energy over time, generally due to the action of friction or turbulence. The lost energy is converted into heat, raising the temperature of a system. In heliophysics in particular, dissipation results in two different types of magnetic resistivities: the better-known Coulomb resistivity, which dissipates electric currents that are parallel to magnetic field lines, and Cowling resistivity, the focus of Yalim鈥檚 work, where resistivity arises specifically in this type of weakly-ionized plasma found in the chromosphere that dissipates electric currents that are perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.

鈥溾�楥owling heating鈥� is short for Joule heating caused by Cowling resistivity,鈥� the UAH scientist says. 鈥淐owling resistivity enhances the overall resistivity in this solar plasma region significantly. It varies with the amount of neutral particles, temperature, magnetic field strength and density of the plasma, and the combination of all these parameters result in a much higher resistivity, several orders of magnitude larger than the usual Coulomb resistivity found ubiquitously in the solar atmosphere. This results in significant Joule heating rates at levels that can provide the additional heating necessary to obtain the observed temperature distributions.鈥�

In examining this process, Yalim鈥檚 team focuses on phenomena within the sun鈥檚 chromosphere called 鈥渓ight bridges,鈥� lanes of bright material that often divide the umbra, or central dark region, of a sunspot.

鈥淛ust as we need a strong Cowling resistivity to have Cowling heating, we also need a strong perpendicular electric current,鈥� the researcher says. 鈥淭he conditions in the sunspot umbral light bridges exhibit both of these conditions remarkably well as we showed in our latest paper, making them the primary target for our investigation. Although we focused on a sunspot light bridge in this study, our proposed mechanism can technically occur wherever there are discontinuities in the magnetic field topology that produce electric currents that can heat the plasma in those regions by dissipation through Cowling resistivity.鈥�

Looking to the future, Yalim believes the path forward for this research is clear. 鈥淭his project investigates this process through an observational study of several NSF and NASA data sets. With the advent of the ground-based and space-borne solar observational capabilities, we can develop data-constrained/data-driven models more confidently to pursue results with unprecedented accuracy. Our next step is to investigate Cowling heating more broadly within the solar chromosphere and possibly in the lower corona in regions where the necessary conditions for this mechanism are favorable.

鈥淭hese are exciting times to pursue this effort,鈥� Yalim concludes. 鈥淭he project supports early career scientists, and since 2019 I have served as the program coordinator of our efforts in solar and heliospheric physics which is jointly organized by CSPAR and NASA鈥檚 Marshall Space Flight Center. I鈥檝e also mentored three undergraduate students from UAH specifically on the topic of this project since 2022. So, this work has also had a significant outreach/educational component. This project is jointly funded by the and the .鈥�